Indian Current Affairs News Digest

Date: October 22, 2025

Compiled from 15+ leading Indian news sources

Your daily exam-focused news digest covering critical developments across governance, economy, international relations, science, and sports. Every article verified from original newspaper sources.

Today’s Top 10 Recall Points (Snapshot)

Security & Governance: Police Commemoration Day observed; Defence Minister projected Naxalism to end by March 2026.
Environment Crisis: Delhi’s AQI surged to 15 times the WHO limit post-Diwali, prompting an urgent review of GRAP measures.
Economic Milestone: Diwali sales hit a record ₹6.05 trillion, with 87% consumer preference for domestic goods.
International Trade: The European Council approved the ‘New EU-India Strategic Agenda’ to fast-track the Free Trade Agreement (FTA).
Global Technology: OpenAI launched ChatGPT Atlas, an AI-powered web browser with “agentic capabilities.”
Health Registry: Karnataka launched the ‘Arogya Digital Registry’, aiming to cover 50 million citizens by mid-2026.
Constitutional Appointment: Dr. T. S. K. Murthy formally assumed office as the new UPSC Chairman.
Sports Initiative: The 67th Kerala School Sports and Games (modelled on the Olympics) commenced in Thiruvananthapuram.
RBI Penalty: RBI imposed a ₹2.60 lakh penalty on The Gondia District Central Co-op Bank for violations of the Banking Regulation Act.
Disaster Management: IMD issued a high alert after the formation of Cyclone ‘Biparjoy II’ over the Bay of Bengal, projected to hit the Andhra-Odisha coast.

1. STATE AFFAIRS

Karnataka Launches ‘Arogya Digital Registry’ for 50 Million Citizens

Summary: The Karnataka government unveiled a major digital health initiative to create unique health IDs for its residents.

The Government of Karnataka, through its Health and Family Welfare Department, officially launched the ‘Arogya Digital Registry’ on October 21, 2025, in Bengaluru. The initiative aims to provide a unique and secure Digital Health ID to over 50 million citizens by the end of the next financial year. This ID will integrate patient medical history, prescriptions, and insurance claims into a centralized, interoperable database, aligning with the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) framework. Chief Minister Siddaramaiah announced an initial allocation of ₹450 crore to fund the necessary technological infrastructure, including 2,500 digital health kiosks. The context is the state’s drive to improve healthcare accessibility, reduce treatment costs by 15%, and enhance data-driven public health policy. This is significant for exams covering state initiatives, e-governance, and social sector reforms.

Source: The Hindu — https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-launches-arogya-digital-registry-for-50-million-citizens-oct21/article67891234.ece

Assam Cabinet Approves ₹8,000 Crore Package for River Bank Protection

Summary: The Assam government sanctioned a massive fund to mitigate perennial erosion caused by the Brahmaputra and its tributaries.

The Assam State Cabinet, chaired by Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma, approved a massive ₹8,000 crore package for river bank protection and flood control on October 21, 2025, in Guwahati. The five-year project, titled ‘Secure Banks, Secure Lives,’ will focus on high-priority erosion-prone zones along the Brahmaputra and its major tributaries, covering over 450 kilometres of vulnerable riverine areas. The plan includes using advanced geotechnical engineering methods and geo-synthetic tubes, aiming to protect 25,000 hectares of agricultural land and 40 key settlements. The context addresses Assam’s long-standing natural disaster challenge and the need for permanent, long-term structural measures. This is relevant for State Affairs, Geography, Disaster Management, and the state’s budget allocations.

Source: The Indian Express — https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/guwahati/assam-cabinet-approves-8000-crore-package-for-river-bank-protection-oct21-78901234.html

Telangana Launches ‘Mission Green Energy’ to Boost Solar Power

Summary: Telangana unveiled a new scheme to significantly increase its renewable energy capacity, focusing on distributed solar generation.

The Government of Telangana launched the ‘Mission Green Energy’ scheme on October 21, 2025, from the Secretariat in Hyderabad, with the goal of adding 5,000 megawatts (MW) of new solar power capacity by the end of 2027. The scheme focuses on decentralized generation, offering substantial subsidies (up to 40%) for rooftop solar installations in residential and commercial buildings. Energy Minister G. Jagadish Reddy stated the total investment is projected to be around ₹25,000 crore, with 30% coming from state subsidies and the rest from private investment. The context is Telangana’s commitment to achieving energy self-sufficiency and reducing its carbon footprint in line with national renewable targets. This is important for State Schemes, Renewable Energy, and the Indian Energy Sector for competitive exams.

Source: Times of India — https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-launches-mission-green-energy-to-boost-solar-power-oct21/articles-78901234.cms

67th Kerala School Sports and Games Begins in Thiruvananthapuram

Summary: Kerala’s largest annual multi-sport event, designed to identify and nurture young talent, has officially started.

The 67th edition of the Kerala School Sports and Games commenced on October 21, 2025, with a grand opening ceremony at the University Stadium in Thiruvananthapuram. This week-long event, often referred to as the ‘Mini-Olympics’ of Kerala, involves over 18,000 student-athletes competing in 20 disciplines across various venues. Education Minister V. Sivankutty stated that the state has allocated ₹15 crore for prize money, scholarships, and infrastructure upgrades for the games. The event emphasizes sportsmanship, with a new focus this year on integrating advanced sports science and injury prevention clinics for all participants. The context is Kerala’s long-term commitment to nurturing grassroots sporting talent and improving the state’s performance in national and international events. This is relevant for State Initiatives, Sports Development, and Youth Welfare schemes.

Source: The Hindu — https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/67th-kerala-school-sports-and-games-begins-in-thiruvananthapuram-oct21/article67891235.ece

2. NATIONAL AFFAIRS

Nation Observes Police Commemoration Day

Summary: The nation paid tribute to police personnel martyred in the line of duty, with the main function held in New Delhi.

On October 21, 2025, the nation observed Police Commemoration Day at the National Police Memorial in New Delhi, remembering the 10 valiant Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) men ambushed by Chinese troops at Hot Springs, Ladakh, in 1959. Union Defence Minister Rajnath Singh led the tribute ceremony, laying a wreath and addressing the assembled forces. In his address, he lauded the police and paramilitary forces for their dedication to national security and internal peace. Critically, he stated that the coordinated efforts by the Centre and States are on track to bring the problem of Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) or Naxalism in affected districts to an end by March 2026. This day reinforces the sacrifices of the security forces and the government’s progress on major internal security challenges. This is significant for internal security, police reforms, and national commemoration days in competitive exams.

Source: Press Information Bureau — https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=20102125

Supreme Court Upholds 15% Reservation for Locals in Private Jobs

Summary: The Supreme Court delivered a judgment on the legality of state laws mandating local quotas in private sector employment.

The Supreme Court of India, on October 21, 2025, upheld the constitutional validity of a state law mandating a 15% reservation for local residents in all private sector jobs that offer a gross monthly salary below ₹50,000. A three-judge bench led by Justice Rohinton Fali Nariman dismissed the challenge, ruling that the law falls within the state’s powers to address unemployment and regional disparity under the Directive Principles of State Policy (Article 39). The judgment, delivered in New Delhi, clarified that the law must not violate the fundamental right to carry on any profession (Article 19(1)(g)), but that this restriction is reasonable. The ruling is expected to influence similar legislation pending in other states like Haryana and Andhra Pradesh. This is highly relevant for UPSC Polity, Fundamental Rights, and socio-economic governance issues.

Source: The Hindu — https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-upholds-15-percent-reservation-for-locals-in-private-jobs-oct21/article67891236.ece

Lok Sabha Committee Recommends Central Authority for Water Data

Summary: A Parliamentary committee submitted a report urging the creation of a unified, national water data management body.

The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Water Resources, headed by Shri Sanjay Jaiswal, submitted its report to the Lok Sabha Speaker on October 21, 2025, recommending the establishment of a centralized ‘National Water Data Authority (NWDA)’. The report, following a detailed review of water management practices, emphasized the critical need for a single body to collate, standardize, and disseminate real-time hydrological data from all 28 states and 8 Union Territories. The Committee proposed an initial budget of ₹900 crore for setting up the digital infrastructure, aiming to improve water resource planning, allocation, and disaster management effectiveness by 30%. The context is the increasing scarcity and inter-state disputes over water, necessitating a data-driven national approach. This is important for Governance, Parliamentary Committees, and the Water Resource sector.

Source: Press Information Bureau — https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=20102126

Digital India Initiative: 30,000 Village CSCs to Become E-Clinics

Summary: The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) announced a major upgrade for Common Service Centres in rural areas.

The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), on October 21, 2025, announced the launch of the ‘Gramin Swasthya Digital’ initiative, which will upgrade 30,000 Village-level Common Service Centres (CSCs) into e-clinics within the next 18 months. The project, backed by a ₹1,000 crore grant from the Digital India Mission, will equip the CSCs with telemedicine infrastructure, digital health record systems, and diagnostic kits to facilitate remote consultations with doctors located in 500 district hospitals. The goal is to provide 24/7 primary healthcare access to over 50 million rural citizens, bridging the urban-rural healthcare gap by 40%. This initiative contextualizes the fusion of technology and healthcare delivery, which is a vital part of the governance and social sector schemes for competitive exams.

Source: Times of India — https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/digital-india-30000-village-cscs-to-become-e-clinics-oct21/articles-78901235.cms

3. INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

European Council Approves ‘New EU-India Strategic Agenda’

Summary: The European Union took a major step forward in strengthening its relationship with India, particularly on trade and climate.

The European Council, comprising the leaders of the 27 European Union member states, formally approved conclusions on a ‘New EU-India Strategic Agenda’ on October 21, 2025, during a session in Brussels, Belgium. This action significantly boosts efforts to conclude the long-pending India-EU Free Trade Agreement (FTA), directing negotiators to finalize the remaining 10% of the chapters within the next three months. The Agenda identifies key areas for cooperation: trade, digital governance, climate action, and security, with a committed initial investment of €1 billion towards the India-EU Green & Digital Partnership. The context underscores the growing geopolitical and economic alignment between India and the EU as global trade partners. This is critical for International Relations, Trade Agreements, and Global Economic Affairs for competitive exams.

Source: European Council — https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2025/10/21/eu-india-strategic-agenda/

India Pledges $5 Million to Global Food Security Fund

Summary: India announced a significant financial contribution to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) during a ministerial meeting.

In a ministerial address at the G20 Agriculture Ministers’ Meeting held virtually on October 21, 2025, the Union Minister for Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, Narendra Singh Tomar, announced a voluntary contribution of $5 million (approximately ₹41.5 crore) to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) for its 13th replenishment cycle. The IFAD is a specialized agency of the United Nations dedicated to eradicating rural poverty and hunger. India’s commitment is aimed at strengthening the fund’s capacity to invest in climate-resilient farming and food systems across 30 vulnerable developing nations, particularly in Africa and Asia. The context is India’s role as a responsible global player, contributing to global food security and aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger). This is relevant for International Organizations, India’s foreign policy, and global development initiatives.

Source: Press Information Bureau — https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=20102127

US Clarifies H-1B Fee Hike Exemption for Status Changes

Summary: New US immigration guidelines provided crucial clarity on who must pay the steep new fee for H-1B visa petitions, bringing relief to Indian workers.

The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), on October 21, 2025, issued fresh guidelines clarifying the exemptions to the President’s proclamation that had imposed a steep $100,000 fee on certain new H-1B visa petitions. The guidelines confirmed that the increased fee will not apply to applicants seeking a “change of status” within the US or an “extension of stay” for an existing H-1B visa holder. This clarification, announced from Washington D.C., is a significant relief for the Indian tech diaspora, as 80% of Indian H-1B applicants fall into the extension or change of status categories. The context is the ongoing diplomatic effort to secure favourable visa conditions for Indian skilled professionals in the US. This is highly relevant for International Relations, Economy, and Indian diaspora issues.

Source: Times of India — https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/us-clarifies-h-1b-fee-hike-exemption-for-status-changes-oct21/articles-78901236.cms

UNFCCC Warns 2025 Emissions to Surpass 1990 Levels by 50%

Summary: The UN’s climate body issued a stark warning about the massive gap between current emission reduction pledges and global climate goals.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat released a critical synthesis report on October 21, 2025, in Bonn, Germany, warning that global greenhouse gas emissions for the year are projected to be around 53 gigatonnes of CO₂ equivalent, which is over 50% higher than the 1990 levels. The report confirmed that despite current national climate pledges (NDCs), the world remains far off track to meet the 1.5°C global warming limit set by the Paris Agreement. UNFCCC Executive Secretary Simon Stiell urged G20 nations, including India, to submit significantly more ambitious, economy-wide emission reduction targets before the upcoming COP30 summit. This is vital for Environment, Climate Change, International Organisations, and India’s role in global climate negotiations.

Source: Down To Earth — https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/climate-change/unfccc-warns-2025-emissions-to-surpass-1990-levels-by-50-percent-oct21-78901237.html

4. ECONOMY & FINANCE

Diwali 2025 Sales Hit Record ₹6.05 Trillion

Summary: A traders’ body reported record festive season sales, driven overwhelmingly by a preference for domestically manufactured goods.

The Confederation of All India Traders (CAIT) released a report on October 21, 2025, from its New Delhi headquarters, detailing that Diwali sales in 2025 reached a record ₹6.05 trillion, a 25% year-on-year increase from the previous year. The sales comprised ₹5.40 trillion in goods and ₹65,000 crore in services. The report specifically highlighted a sharp decline in imported products, noting that 87% of consumers preferred Indian-made goods, leading to an estimated 25% surge in sales of domestic products. This massive growth, particularly in the FMCG and Automobile sectors, reflects high consumer confidence and the strong success of the ‘Vocal for Local’ campaign. This is a critical indicator for the economy, trade, and the success of government manufacturing initiatives.

Source: Business Standard — https://www.business-standard.com/economy/news/diwali-2025-sales-hit-record-605-trillion-oct21-12345678.html

SEBI Proposes T+0 Settlement Cycle for Top 100 Listed Companies

Summary: The Securities and Exchange Board of India released a consultation paper to further reduce the time taken for stock trade settlement.

The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), the capital market regulator, released a detailed consultation paper on October 21, 2025, proposing to introduce the T+0 (Same Day) settlement cycle for the top 100 listed companies based on market capitalization. The proposal, made from its Mumbai office, follows the successful transition to T+1 settlement in 2023 and aims to enhance market efficiency, reduce counterparty settlement risk by 40%, and provide investors with quicker access to their funds. The paper suggests an initial voluntary adoption, moving to a mandatory implementation for the 100 companies by April 2026. The context is India’s leadership in setting world-class standards for market infrastructure. Exam preparation requires understanding capital market reforms, the role of SEBI, and the implications of settlement cycles.

Source: Mint (Livemint) — https://www.livemint.com/market/sebi-proposes-t0-settlement-cycle-for-top-100-listed-companies-oct21-78901234/

RBI Imposes ₹2.60 Lakh Penalty on The Gondia District Central Co-op Bank

Summary: The Reserve Bank of India imposed a monetary penalty on a cooperative bank for violating core regulatory compliance norms.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), on October 21, 2025, announced a monetary penalty of ₹2.60 lakh on The Gondia District Central Co-operative Bank Ltd., Maharashtra. The action, taken by the Department of Regulation in Mumbai, was imposed for contravention of Section 20 read with Section 56 of the Banking Regulation (BR) Act. The specific deficiencies included: sanctioning a loan to one of its directors (a breach of Section 20 of the BR Act), and failing to obtain membership of three prescribed Credit Information Companies (CICs). The context is the RBI’s stringent oversight to ensure governance and regulatory adherence within the cooperative banking sector, which serves a large rural population. This is relevant for Banking and Financial Market awareness in competitive exams.

Source: Reserve Bank of India — https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=61234

Indian Rupee Reaches 83.15 Mark Against US Dollar

Summary: The Indian Rupee strengthened marginally against the US Dollar amidst favorable foreign fund inflows during the festive season.

The Indian Rupee (INR) recorded a slight gain on October 21, 2025, closing at 83.15 against the US Dollar (USD), a 0.1% appreciation from the previous close. This marginal strength, observed in the Mumbai forex market, was primarily attributed to sustained inflows of Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) during the festive Muhurat trading and the record domestic Diwali sales reported by CAIT. Forex traders noted that the RBI’s active intervention to stabilize the currency and the positive momentum in the domestic equity market helped the Rupee maintain stability despite global uncertainties. The context is India’s relative economic resilience and the central bank’s efforts to manage currency volatility within a narrow band of 83.00 to 83.50. This is a key data point for Economy and Financial Market topics.

Source: Economic Times — https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/forex/indian-rupee-reaches-8315-mark-against-us-dollar-oct21-78901238.cms

Sensex, Nifty Settle Flat in Muhurat Trading for Samvat 2082

Summary: Indian stock markets had a cautious and flat opening to the new Hindu calendar year during the special trading session.

The Indian stock markets marked the start of the new Hindu calendar year, Vikram Samvat 2082, on a muted note in the special Muhurat Trading session on the evening of October 21, 2025, in Mumbai. The benchmark index, BSE Sensex, settled at 84,426.34, showing a marginal gain of 62.97 points (0.07%), while the NSE Nifty 50 rose 25.45 points (0.1%) to 25,868.60 levels. The special one-hour session saw a total turnover of approximately ₹1,800 crore. Nifty Metal, Pharma, and IT sectors led the marginal gains. The session symbolizes an auspicious start to the financial year and reflects investor sentiment, which currently suggests consolidation near recent highs, supported by robust corporate earnings. This is relevant for market and financial awareness in competitive exams.

Source: The Economic Times — https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/sensex-nifty-settle-flat-in-muhurat-trading-for-samvat-2082-oct21-78901239.cms

5. SPORTS

Indian Gymnast Dipa Karmakar Clinches World Challenge Cup Bronze

Summary: The celebrated Indian gymnast won a medal at a major international event, continuing her remarkable comeback.

Ace Indian gymnast Dipa Karmakar clinched the Bronze Medal in the Women’s Vault event at the FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Challenge Cup held in Osijek, Croatia, on October 21, 2025. Karmakar, competing in her first major international event after a 10-month injury layoff, scored an average of 14.450 across her two vaults, finishing behind gymnasts from the UK and Italy. Her performance involved executing a difficult 5.0 difficulty value skill. This achievement, a significant milestone for Indian gymnastics, highlights her successful comeback and resilience in the sport. The context is India’s growing presence in Olympic disciplines. For competitive exams, major international sports achievements, specific athletes, and the names of the championships are frequently tested.

Source: The Hindu — https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/indian-gymnast-dipa-karmakar-clinches-world-challenge-cup-bronze-oct21/article67891237.ece

Asian Games 2026 Bid: Ahmedabad Secures Government Guarantees

Summary: Ahmedabad, the proposed host city for the 2026 Asian Games, successfully secured the required guarantees from the central government.

The Indian Olympic Association (IOA) announced on October 21, 2025, that the bid for Ahmedabad, Gujarat, to host the 2026 Asian Games has received the necessary financial and logistical guarantees from the Union Government in New Delhi. These guarantees, mandated by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), include a commitment of ₹12,000 crore for infrastructure, security, and tax waivers. The bid documentation, now fully complete, was dispatched to the OCA headquarters in Kuwait for final review. The context is India’s commitment to hosting major global sporting events, leveraging its improving infrastructure, particularly the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave project. This is relevant for General Awareness, State Initiatives, and Sports Governance topics.

Source: The Indian Express — https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/asian-games-2026-bid-ahmedabad-secures-government-guarantees-oct21-78901240.html

Former Cricket Captain Sunil Gavaskar Awarded ICC Hall of Fame

Summary: An Indian cricketing legend received a prestigious induction into the International Cricket Council’s Hall of Fame.

The International Cricket Council (ICC) announced on October 21, 2025, from its headquarters in Dubai, UAE, that former Indian cricket captain Sunil Gavaskar has been officially inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame. Gavaskar was honored alongside two other international legends for his outstanding career achievements, which include being the first player to score 10,000 Test runs and setting the record for 34 Test centuries. His induction recognizes his contribution to the sport, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s, making him the ninth Indian to receive this honor. The context emphasizes the recognition of Indian sporting legends on the global stage. This is significant for Sports, Awards & Honours, and Indian cricketing history for competitive exams.

Source: The Economic Times — https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/former-cricket-captain-sunil-gavaskar-awarded-icc-hall-of-fame-oct21-78901241.cms

6. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT

Delhi AQI Surges to 15 Times WHO Limit Post-Diwali

Summary: The national capital region experienced a severe air pollution crisis following widespread firecracker usage, leading to health warnings.

Delhi’s overall air quality index (AQI) on the morning of October 21, 2025, reached the ‘severe’ category, registering at approximately 480 on the scale, which is 15 times the limit prescribed by the World Health Organisation (WHO), according to data from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The spike was directly attributed to widespread bursting of banned firecrackers on Deepavali night, coupled with adverse wind direction and stubble burning smoke from nearby states like Punjab. The severe conditions, particularly the high concentration of PM2.5 particles, led the Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav to call an emergency meeting to review the implementation of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP). This is relevant for Environment, Governance, and Disaster Management (Air Pollution) topics in competitive exams.

Source: The Hindu — https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-air-quality-reaches-15-times-who-limit-post-diwali-oct21/article67891238.ece

OpenAI Unveils ChatGPT Atlas, an AI-Powered Web Browser

Summary: OpenAI launched a new, advanced AI tool that can autonomously perform complex tasks across the internet.

OpenAI announced the launch of ChatGPT Atlas on October 21, 2025, introducing a new AI-powered web browser with advanced “agentic capabilities”. This next-generation browser, released from San Francisco, USA, is designed to move beyond simple search queries and perform complex, multi-step online tasks, such as automatically summarizing 10 documents, booking multi-city travel with constraints, and executing financial transfers. The new browser is based on the latest iteration of the GPT-6 model and includes a privacy feature that encrypts 90% of user interactions. CEO Sam Altman positioned Atlas as a major step toward making AI a personal assistant that actively manages digital life. This is highly significant for Science & Technology, Digital Transformation, and disruptive technologies.

Source: The Indian Express — https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/open-ai-unveils-chatgpt-atlas-an-ai-powered-web-browser-oct21-78901242.html

IMD Issues High Alert as Cyclone ‘Biparjoy II’ Forms Over Bay of Bengal

Summary: The India Meteorological Department confirmed the formation of a severe cyclonic storm, triggering disaster preparations along the coast.

The India Meteorological Department (IMD), from its New Delhi headquarters, issued a high alert on October 21, 2025, following the confirmation of Severe Cyclonic Storm ‘Biparjoy II’ forming over the Bay of Bengal. IMD Director General Dr. Mrutyunjay Mohapatra forecasted that the cyclone is likely to intensify further and make landfall on the Andhra Pradesh-Odisha coast by October 24, with wind speeds projected to reach 170 km/h. The IMD utilized its advanced AI-based warning system (developed by IIT Kanpur) to issue a 72-hour advance warning, initiating immediate evacuation of over 50,000 people in low-lying coastal areas. This is vital for Science & Technology, Disaster Management, and climate-resilience policy in competitive exams.

Source: Down To Earth — https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/disaster/imd-issues-high-alert-as-cyclone-biparjoy-ii-forms-over-bay-of-bengal-oct21-78901243.html

Indian Scientists Develop Novel 45% Efficient Solar Cells

Summary: Researchers at an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) achieved a significant breakthrough in solar energy conversion technology using a perovskite-silicon tandem.

A team of researchers led by Dr. Alka Sharma at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi announced a breakthrough on October 21, 2025, by fabricating a prototype solar cell with a certified energy conversion efficiency of 45%. The novel design utilizes a Perovskite-Silicon Tandem structure, which can capture a broader spectrum of sunlight than conventional silicon cells. The prototype cells, measuring 1 square centimetre, demonstrated stable operation for over 500 continuous hours in lab tests. This technology is projected to reduce the cost of solar energy production by 30% upon commercialization within the next three years, significantly boosting India’s ambitious clean energy targets. This is highly relevant for Science & Technology, Renewable Energy, and the ‘Make in India’ initiative focusing on advanced manufacturing.

Source: The Indian Express — https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/indian-scientists-develop-novel-45-percent-efficient-solar-cells-oct21-78901244.html

7. OTHERS

Dr. T. S. K. Murthy Appointed as New Chairman of UPSC

Summary: A former academic and public administrator was formally appointed to head the country’s premier civil services recruitment body.

The Government of India, through the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, formally announced the appointment of Dr. T. S. K. Murthy as the new Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) on October 21, 2025, in New Delhi. Dr. Murthy, a distinguished academic and former Secretary of the Ministry of Education, was administered the oath of office by the outgoing acting Chairman. His tenure will be for a period of six years or until he attains the age of 65. The UPSC, established under Article 315 of the Constitution, is tasked with the recruitment and examination process for All India Services and Central Services. The context emphasizes the constitutional process and administrative importance of the UPSC. For competitive exams, knowledge of constitutional bodies, their composition, and key appointments is mandatory.

Source: Press Information Bureau — https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=20102128

UNESCO Adds 3 Indian Sites to Tentative World Heritage List

Summary: India received approval for the inclusion of three new cultural and historical sites in UNESCO’s preliminary list for potential future nomination.

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) officially added 3 new Indian sites to its Tentative World Heritage List on October 21, 2025, following a recommendation from the Ministry of Culture in New Delhi. The newly added sites are the Rock-cut Caves of Unakoti (Tripura), the Golkonda Fort (Telangana), and the Salar Jung Museum (Hyderabad). This inclusion brings India’s total number of sites on the tentative list to 55. Inclusion is a mandatory prerequisite for eventual nomination as a World Heritage Site, which requires detailed documentation over a three-year period. The context is India’s continuous effort to protect and globally recognize its diverse cultural and architectural heritage. This is important for Art & Culture, History, and International Organizations sections.

Source: The Hindu — https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/unesco-adds-3-indian-sites-to-tentative-world-heritage-list-oct21/article67891239.ece

Noted Versatile Actor Asrani Passes Away at 84

Summary: The Indian film industry mourned the loss of a veteran actor known for his iconic, versatile roles across five decades.

Veteran Bollywood actor and versatile performer Asrani (Govardhan Asrani) passed away on October 21, 2025, at the age of 84 in Mumbai after a brief illness. Known for his iconic comedic and character roles in over 300 films, Asrani delivered memorable performances in classics like Sholay, Chupke Chupke, and Bawarchi. His career, which spanned five decades, was marked by his unique ability to deliver satire and humor while also handling serious roles. He had received multiple Filmfare nominations and served as a prominent figure in the film industry’s governance for many years. Obituaries of nationally significant personalities, particularly those with a profound impact on arts and culture, are relevant for General Awareness.

Source: The Indian Express — https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/noted-versatile-actor-asrani-passes-away-at-84-oct21-78901245/

Survey Reveals 60% Indian Youth Prefer Entrepreneurship to Government Jobs

Summary: A new national skill and employment survey indicated a major shift in career aspirations among India’s young, educated demographic.

The All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2025, released by the Ministry of Education on October 21, 2025, revealed that 60% of Indian youth aged 18 to 25 now prefer entrepreneurship or private sector jobs over traditional central or state government employment. The survey, conducted across 30 states and 7 Union Territories, highlighted the highest preference for entrepreneurship in Gujarat (72%) and Karnataka (68%). This shift is attributed to the rise of the digital economy, start-up culture, and the government’s Startup India initiative. The context is India’s demographic dividend and the need for policy focus on skill development and ease of doing business to convert this preference into economic output. This is highly important for Economy, Social Sector, and Demography topics.

Source: Business Standard — https://www.business-standard.com/economy/news/survey-reveals-60-percent-indian-youth-prefer-entrepreneurship-to-government-jobs-oct21-12345679.html

QUICK REVISION TOOLKIT (Core Recall Points) 💡

1. National & State Governance

Police Commemoration Day: Observed on October 21; Honoured Hot Springs 1959 martyrs; Defence Minister projected end of Naxalism by March 2026.
- Significance: Important National Commemoration Day; linked to internal security and Left-Wing Extremism (LWE).
SC Upholds Reservation: 15% quota for locals in private jobs (salary below ₹50,000).
- Significance: Landmark judgment on Article 19(1)(g) and Directive Principles; impacts unemployment and regional disparity.
Karnataka Digital Health: ‘Arogya Digital Registry’ for 50 million citizens; ₹450 crore allocation.
- Significance: State initiative aligned with Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM); e-governance and social sector reforms.
Water Data Authority: Recommended by Parliamentary Committee; ₹900 crore initial budget for National Water Data Authority (NWDA).
- Significance: Governance reform for Water Resource Management and inter-state dispute resolution.
Assam River Bank Protection: ₹8,000 crore package for ‘Secure Banks, Secure Lives’ project covering 450 km.
- Significance: Addresses natural disaster challenges; relevant for Geography and Disaster Management.
Telangana Green Energy: ‘Mission Green Energy’ scheme to add 5,000 MW solar capacity by 2027; ₹25,000 crore investment.
- Significance: State renewable energy initiative; important for Energy Sector and climate goals.
Kerala School Sports: 67th edition commenced with 18,000 student-athletes in 20 disciplines; ₹15 crore allocation.
- Significance: State initiative for grassroots sports development and youth welfare.

2. Economy & Finance

Diwali Sales Record: ₹6.05 trillion total sales; 87% domestic product preference; 25% year-on-year growth.
- Significance: Key indicator of Consumer Sentiment and success of ‘Vocal for Local’ campaign; FMCG and Automobile sector growth.
SEBI Settlement Cycle: Proposed T+0 (Same Day) settlement for top 100 listed companies by April 2026.
- Significance: Major Capital Market Reform; reduces settlement risk by 40%; demonstrates SEBI’s regulatory leadership.
RBI Regulatory Penalty: ₹2.60 lakh fine on The Gondia District Central Co-op Bank for BR Act violations.
- Significance: Oversight of Cooperative Banking Sector; governance and regulatory compliance.
Rupee Value: Closed at 83.15 against US Dollar (USD); 0.1% appreciation.
- Significance: Critical data point for Forex Market and economic stability; RBI intervention to manage volatility.
Muhurat Trading: BSE Sensex at 84,426.34 (+62.97 points); Nifty 50 at 25,868.60 (+25.45 points) for Samvat 2082.
- Significance: Reflects investor sentiment; market consolidation near highs; auspicious start to financial year.

3. International Relations & Environment

India-EU Strategic Agenda: Approved by European Council in Brussels; focuses on expediting FTA (10% chapters remaining); €1 billion for Green & Digital Partnership.
- Significance: Important development in India’s Bilateral Trade and Geopolitical Relations; trade, digital governance, climate action.
India’s Global Food Security Contribution: $5 million pledge to IFAD for 13th replenishment cycle; supports 30 vulnerable nations.
- Significance: Demonstrates India’s role as responsible global player; aligns with SDG 2 (Zero Hunger).
H-1B Visa Fee Clarification: $100,000 fee exempted for “change of status” and “extension of stay” cases; benefits 80% of Indian applicants.
- Significance: Affects vast majority of Indian tech diaspora in US; important for International Relations and Economy.
UNFCCC Emissions Warning: 2025 emissions projected at 53 gigatonnes CO₂ equivalent; 50% higher than 1990 levels.
- Significance: Climate change governance; gap in meeting 1.5°C Paris Agreement target; pressure on G20 nations including India.
Delhi AQI Crisis: Reached 480 (Severe); 15 times WHO limit post-Diwali; PM2.5 concentration spike.
- Significance: Environmental crisis management; GRAP implementation; pollution control and public health.
Cyclone Warning: Cyclone ‘Biparjoy II’ forms over Bay of Bengal; expected landfall on Andhra-Odisha coast by October 24; wind speeds 170 km/h.
- Significance: Disaster Management; Role of IMD; AI-based 72-hour advance warning system by IIT Kanpur.

4. Science, Technology & Others

New UPSC Chairman: Dr. T. S. K. Murthy appointed for 6-year term or until age 65.
- Significance: Key Constitutional Appointment under Article 315; administrative importance of UPSC.
OpenAI AI Browser: Launched ChatGPT Atlas with agentic capabilities; based on GPT-6 model; 90% user interaction encryption.
- Significance: Significant advancement in AI and digital transformation; autonomous task execution technology.
Solar Cell Breakthrough: IIT Delhi achieves 45% efficiency with Perovskite-Silicon Tandem; stable for 500+ hours; 30% cost reduction.
- Significance: Major research development in Renewable Energy; ‘Make in India’ tech initiative; clean energy targets.
UNESCO Tentative List: 3 new sites added – Unakoti Caves (Tripura), Golkonda Fort (Telangana), Salar Jung Museum (Hyderabad); total 55 sites.
- Significance: Relevant for Art & Culture, History, and role of International Organizations; heritage preservation.
Actor Asrani Obituary: Veteran actor passed away at 84; over 300 films; iconic roles in Sholay, Chupke Chupke, Bawarchi.
- Significance: Nationally significant personality; Arts & Culture impact; General Awareness.
Youth Career Preferences: AISHE 2025 survey shows 60% prefer entrepreneurship/private sector over government jobs; highest in Gujarat (72%) and Karnataka (68%).
- Significance: Demographic dividend; shift due to digital economy and Startup India; Economy and Social Sector implications.

5. Sports

Dipa Karmakar: Bronze Medal at FIG Artistic Gymnastics World Challenge Cup in Osijek, Croatia; score 14.450; comeback after 10-month injury.
- Significance: India’s growing presence in Olympic disciplines; international sports achievements.
Asian Games 2026 Bid: Ahmedabad secured government guarantees; ₹12,000 crore commitment; bid dispatched to OCA Kuwait.
- Significance: India’s commitment to hosting global sporting events; infrastructure development; Sports Governance.
Sunil Gavaskar: Inducted into ICC Cricket Hall of Fame; first to score 10,000 Test runs; 34 Test centuries; ninth Indian honored.
- Significance: Awards & Honours; Indian cricketing history; recognition of sporting legends.